(Note: This is my script's summary for my undergrad final research in 2011. You can also get full version of the script here )

The Change of Interaction Pattern Between Forest and Community in Cipeuteuy Village, Kabandungan Sub-District, Sukabumi District, West Java, Indonesia

I. INTRODUCTION

Interactions between community and nature are forms of socioeconomic activities of local communities to meet their need for life. That interaction is reflected in their activities, such as collecting forest products like food, firewood, fodder and tubers as well as the results of other types of forest services (Widianto 2008). Studies of the interactions and relationships between people and forests have been carried out by the researchers. A study conducted by Baharudin (2006) which examined the interaction of rural communities around the Mount Rinjani National Park shows that local people around the national park use the land for intensive farming. While, study by Ginting (2010) which examined the interaction of communities around the Leuser National Park shows that the local community around the national park take benefit of the forest for ecotourism and they also collect forest products.

Sociocultural change is something normal and sustainable in accordance with the nature and human nature itself (Lauer 1982 in Dewi 2007). In relation to human interaction with forests, this also applies, where the interaction is also dynamically changing. Research conducted by Yatap (2008) on the influence of socioeconomic variables to changes in the land cover in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP) showed that socioeconomic factors give real effect of changes in land cover in GHSNP. The forms and causes of changes in people's interaction with the forest must be known.

Cipeuteuy village is directly adjacent to the GHSNP. This village is one of the 1,517 villages directly adjacent to state forest land (MoF, 2007). Before becoming part of the national park in 2006, the forest area around the village Cipeuteuy is intercropping land surrounding communities that are managed together with Perhutani (Cantika 2008). Interaction between forest and communities in this village has existed for a long time. The objectives of this research are to know what kinds of changes in community interaction with forest, to know the factors driving these changes, to know the relationship between socioeconomic variables to the forest land use by the local community.

II. MATERIAL AND METHOD

2.1. Operational Definition

1. The interaction pattern is defined as a pattern that is formed from the interaction that occurs between communities and forest in this study and it is based on the use of forest land by the community. There are 3 patterns used in this study, which are:

a. The pattern of using the land is the use of land by the community for a particular purpose and permanent use. Examples of this pattern is the use of forest land for permanent agriculture or settlement.

b. The pattern of harvesting is the use of forest by the community for harvesting the forest products occupying the forest land. Examples of this pattern is the harvesting of timber or non-timber forest products.

c. Pattern without interaction is the people do not use forest land and do not use or collect forest products.

2. The change of interaction pattern is the change in the pattern of interaction over time, which are:

a. Changes of the pattern of using the land to the pattern of harvesting, or to the pattern without interaction.

b. Change of the pattern of harvesting to the pattern of using the land uses or pattern without interaction.

c. Change of the pattern without interaction to the pattern of using the land or pattern of harvesting.

2.2. Time and Location

This study was conducted in two sub-villages namely Cisarua and Pandan Arum which are both located in the Cipeuteuy Village, Kabandungan Sub-district, Sukabumi District of West Java Province, Indonesia. The research activities was conducted during the months from mid-May to June 2011.

2.3. Respondents and data

Respondents in this study are the head of the household who lived in the sub-village of Pandan Arum and Cisarua, Village Cipeuteuy. The data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. Data collected in this research is by interview and observation.

2.4. Method

The selection of respondents as the sample unit is done by a purposive sampling method, which the determination is done intentionally under consideration of research purposes. Processing and analysis of the data used in this research are descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Tabulation and descriptive analysis are used to explain the changes in the pattern of interaction between people and forests, and the driving factors for them. Multiple linear regression analysis is to estimate the influence of socioeconomic variables that affect the use of forest land by the community. Analyses were performed using SPSS 17.0. The dependent variable (Y) is the area of forest land use by the public. The independent variable (X) is a socioeconomic characteristics of the community.

III. RESULTS

3.1. The Changes of Interaction Patterns

In this study, changes in the pattern of interaction are limited to just one stage of change, that is changing before the current interaction patterns into patterns of interaction that is done today. Under this condition, changes of the interaction patterns that may occur are 6 (six) types. Not all people change their interaction with the forest. In some respondents, it was found a relatively constant interaction. In the context of this study, it was found that some respondents did not change the pattern of interaction. Table 1 below states the amount of the respondents and their interaction changes.

Table 1 Respondents with their pattern of interaction changes.

Patterns*	Cisarua		Pandan Arum
Patterns*	Quantity	Percetage (%)	Quantity	Percentage(%)
Pattern 1	2	4.55	0	0
Pattern 2	14	31.81	16	40.00
Pattern 3	6	13.64	4	10.00
Pattern 4	0	0	3	7.50
Pattern 5	20	45.45	13	32.50
Pattern 6	0	0	0	0
Constant	2	4.55	4	10.00
Total	44	100.00	40	100.00

Description : *Pattern of interaction changes, which are:

1. Change of the pattern of using the land to the pattern of harvesting

2. Change of the pattern of using the land to the pattern without interaction.

3. Change of the pattern of harvesting to the pattern of using the land

4. Change of the pattern of harvesting to the pattern without interaction

5. Change of the pattern without interaction to the pattern of using the land

6. Change of the pattern without interaction to the pattern without interaction.

Change in the pattern of interaction between people and forests in Cisarua and Pandan Arum is not much different. There are two patterns of change are most often committed by the respondents, which are the pattern 2 and 5. The pattern 2 is a pattern of interaction with the change of land use to be without interaction. While the pattern 5 is a change from without interaction into interaction with using the land.

Change of the pattern of using the land to the pattern of harvesting

Villagers that left the agricultural land in the forest, but still take advantage of some forest products such as firewood and other forest products, are categorized in the community who has made changes of interaction from the pattern of using the land to pattern of harvesting. Some residents in Pandan Arum worked in the forest area but now they do not continue it. However, these villagers still take forest products like firewood from the forest area.

Change of the pattern of using the land to the pattern without interaction

Some farmers totally left working on agricultural land in the forest. They also do not take the forest products from the forest. The reasons are various, like less fertile soil, the high disturbance from animals like pigs and monkeys, and the far distance from the house. They think that working in the forest is not profitable enough to do. Some of the those farmers still work on their own land and rental land. Some of them work as farm laborers or work in another field than agriculture.

Change of the pattern of harvesting to the pattern of using the land

There are some farmers were initially just interact with the forest without occupying the land, but now turned into using the land, especially for agriculture. From the statement of some respondents in Pandan Arum, generally people started using the forest area at a time after the big harvest in 1999 by Perhutani. Previously, they only worked only on their own agricultural land or worked as farm laborers.

Change of the pattern of harvesting to the pattern without interaction

Respondents who had previously interacted with the forest without occupying the land, but they are no longer do it at all included in the group of people who did this type of interaction pattern change. At first, these communities only used forest products for a variety of purposes such as firewood, vegetables, or wood to build houses. Currently, they are no longer doing it because the status of the land became the national park with tight regulation.

Change of the pattern without interaction to the pattern of using the land

Respondents who initially did not interact at all with the forest, but now they are working on the forest land are categorized in this group. There are 20 respondents (45,45%) in Pandan Arum and 13 respondents (32,50%) in Cisarua are included in this group. Almost all of the respondents explained that the reason they chose farm forestry was because there was no other choice. Before becoming a farmer, most of the respondents worked in the nearby big cities like Bogor or Jakarta. Inadequate salaries and stay away from the family are some of the reasons they decided to return to the village. They chose to work in the forest area because they do not have their own agricultural land.

3.2. Driving Factors of the Interaction Pattern Change

In this study, the changing patterns of interaction that occurs are not only in one pattern only. A change in one thing does not always lead to a pattern of change alone. Many factors influence the changing patterns of interaction. Table 2 describes the patterns of change and their interaction causes each based on data obtained from the respondents in the study village.

Table 2. The patterns of interaction change and the driving factors.

The change of interaction pattern	Driving factors
Changes of the pattern of using the land to the pattern of harvesting	· Less of fertile soil in the forest · Disturbance from animals like pig and monkey · Low harvest and not profitable enough · Conflict with the national park officer · More agricultural land outside the forest area · Age factor
Changes of the pattern of using the land to the pattern without interaction.	· Less of fertile soil in the forest · Disturbance from animals like pig and monkey · Low harvest and not profitable enough · Conflict with the national park officer · More agricultural land outside the forest area · Age factor · Far distance between forest land and settlement · Got new agricultural land outside the forest with better condition
Change of the pattern of harvesting to the pattern of using the land	· Inadequate farm land or do not have farm land · The need for more money
Change of the pattern of harvesting to the pattern without interaction	· Tight regulation of national park · Lifestyle change · Age factor
Change of the pattern without interaction to the pattern of using the land	· Inadequate farm land or do not have farm land · The need for more money · Farming job is more profitable

The cause for a change in the pattern of interaction is not always equal to each other. One factor may also lead to more than one type of changes. One factor may cause a change in the pattern of interaction in a household, but not necessarily affect other households. Change in patterns of interaction is a combination of several driving factors. Socioeconomic condition is often used as a reason by the people to utilize forest resources. Although they are not too benefited from the farm in the forest, but they have no other choice because of low levels of education and skills.

3.3. Relationship Between Socioeconomic Variables with Forest Land Use Area

The results of this research, shows that each farmer who uses the forest land for agriculture has a land area that is different. There were 47 respondents who work on the forest land. Regression equation generated from multiple analysis of socioeconomic factors with extensive use of forest land in GHSNP with stepwise method is as follows,

Y= -540,172 + 22,87X₁ + 30,845X₂ + 0,145X₃ – 28,922X₄ – 47,151X₅+ 0,001 X₆

Description:

Y = area of forest land use by community

X1 = age

X2 = time settled in the village

X3 = agricultural land outside the forest

X4 = longer working in the woods

X5 = number of family members

X6 = income per month

The P-value of the regression equation is <0.05, which is equal to 0.02, which means rejecting Ho. This means that the overall socioeconomic factors affect the use of agricultural land at 95% of confidence level. The influence of socioeconomic factors is indicated by the coefficient of determination (R2) of 30.1%. The rest is caused by other than socioeconomic factors. Stepwise regression method was used to determine the selected independent variables and the result is as follows,

Y= 405,955 + 36,135 X₂ + 0,143X₃

Description: Y = area of forest land use by community

X2 = time settled in the village

X3 = agricultural land outside the forest

The P-value of the regression equation is 0.002 which is <0.05, which means rejecting Ho at the 95% confidence level. The relationship of socioeconomic factors of the selected independent variables with extensive use of forest land by the community indicated by the coefficient of determination of 24.5%. This means that the widespread use of forest land by the community influenced by the time settled in the village and the ownership of agricultural land in the forest area by 24.5%. The rest is influenced by other factors.

IV. CONCLUSION

The changes of interaction pattern in Pandan Arum and Cisarua in Cipeuteuy village are the change of the pattern without interaction to the pattern of using the land (39.29%), the change of the pattern of using the land to the pattern without interaction (35.71%), the change of the pattern of harvesting to the pattern of using the land (11.90%), the change of the pattern of harvesting to the pattern without interaction (4.25), the change of the pattern of using the land to the pattern of harvesting (2.38%). The percentage of those who do not change their interaction pattern is 7.14%. The driving factors for the interaction change are various, which are physical condition of the forest land and natural disturbances, agricultural land outside the forest, age, income, forest distance, and lifestyle. New regulation from the GHSP and its enforcement also influenced this change. The socioeconomic variables are the dominant influence on society acreage in the forest are time settled in the village and agricultural land outside the forest.

REFERENCES

Baharudin. 2006. Kajian Interaksi Masyarakat Desa Sekitar Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat [Thesis]. Bogor: Sekolah Pasca Sarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun-Salak. 2007. Rencana Pengelolaan Lima Tahunan (Jangka Menengah). Sukabumi: Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun-Salak.

Cantika Febri SP. 2008. Relasi Gender Dalam Pemilikan dan Penguasaan Sumberdaya Agraria [Script]. Bogor: Fakultas Ekologi Manusia Institut Pertanian Bogor.

[Mof] Ministry of Forestry.2007. Buku Informasi 50 Taman Nasional di Indonesia. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal PHKA.

Dewi, H. 2007. Perubahan Makna Pertunjukan Jaran Kepang pada Masyarakat Jawa di Kelurahan Tanjung Sari, Medan. http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/5622

Simarmata Vidya H. 2009. Kemiskinan dan Reforma Akses Agraria di Desa Perkebunan [Script]. Bogor: Fakultas Ekologi Manusia Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Sutaryono. 2008. Pemberdayaan Setengah Hati, Sub Ordinasi Masyarakat Lokal Dalam Pengelolaan Hutan. Yogyakarta: Lapera Pustaka Utama.

Widada. 2004. Nilai Manfaat Ekonomi dan Pemanfaatan Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Bagi Masyarakat [Disertation]. Bogor: Program Pasca Sarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Widianto, Bambang. 2008. Lahan dan Ladang, Ruang dan Bentuk Interaksi Manusia Dengan Lingkungan. Posted on September, 19 2008 http://staff.blog.ui.ac.id/bambang.widianto/category/1/ [ 23 March 2011]

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Cipeuteuy Village in 201

(Baru saja merapihkan file-file di laptop dan nemu catatan harian penelitianku untuk skripsi dulu. Penelitian yang berjudul "Perubahan Pola Interaksi Masyarakat dengan Hutan ". Tahun 2011 tepatnya aku melakukannya, tak terasa udah 3 tahun lalu. Daripada ngendon di laptopku mending aku unggah saja di sini. hehehe. Akan aku bagi-bagi beberapa part berdasar hari )

Pemandangan dari Cilodor

Hari 6

3 Juni 2011

Catatan ini aku buat tanggal 4, aku benar-benar kecapekan kemarin dan tidur jam 8 malam. Keinginan untuk membuat catatan ini kalah oleh kantuk yang tak tertahankan sehingga games memory pengantar tidurku pun aku tinggalkan.

Tanggal 3 juni aku mulai pukul 8 pagi, seperti biasa oleh sinar silau mentari dari balik gorden kamar. Hari ini hari jumat, hari pendek jika di kantoran, tapi di sini hal ini menjadi hal yang biasa. Seperti kemarin aku mengkompilasi data yang aku dapatkan pada tanggal 2 juni dan menulis beberapa paragraf di draft kondisi umum. Namun tak berapa lama tidak bisa melanjutkan apa yang sebenarnya ingin aku tulis yaitu memulai analisis.

Siang hari aku ikut berkumpul dengan-dengan ibu-ibu di dekat kompleks ini, sekedar mengobrol santai dan bebas. Ibu penjual bensin di depan rumah Bu Kosih bercerita tentang usahanya menjual bensin dan menjual perlengkapan sepeda motor. Usaha itu dilakukan karena suami ibu itu tidak bisa bertani dan selain karena tidak memiliki lahan pertanian. Untuk mencari nafkah, dilakukan dengan menjual bensin. Dahulu, suami ibu itu mencari uang dengan menjadi ojek. Saat dulu orang masih belum banyak yang memiliki motor, usaha ini sangat menjajikan yaitu setiap harinya bisa mencapai 100 ribu. Namun saat ini, hampir semua orang memiliki motor dan sudah jarang orang yang memanfaatkan jasa ojek. Untuk ojek saat ini, mendapat 20 ribu perhari saja sudah menguntungkan. Dari itu, suami ibu beralih dari ojek menjadi pedagang bensin.

Bensin dibeli dari SPBU Kalapa Nunggal yang berjarak sekitar satu jam dari sini dengan sepeda motor. Biasanya belanja dilakukan dua hari sekali sebesar 120 liter. Harga bensin di SPBU adalah 4500 rupiah dan ibu menjual 5000 rupiah per liter, atau dengan keuntungan 500 rupiah perliternya. Untuk membeli bensin di SPBU dikenai biaya 1000 rupiah per jerigen. Uang ini adalah pungutan yang diberlakukan oleh pengusaha SPBU itu.

Usaha dagang bensin di sini membuat ‘capek hati’ kata ibu. Hal ini dikarenakan banyak pembeli yang berhutang. Baik sepeda motor maupun mobil angkutan sering kali berhutang. Yang membuat kesal adalah saat utang itu ditagih, banyak yang menunda pembayaran bahkan ada yang mengelak telah berhutang. Dengan untung 500 per liter, jika ada penghutang yang tidak membayar hutangnya, untung itu menjadi berkurang banyak, bahkan pernah merugi. Namun hal ini tidak bisa dihindari karena memang kebiasaan di sini seperti ini.

Jalan menuju Cilodor rusak

Pukul 2 sore, aku pergi ke Cilodor Dusun Leuwi Waluh. Kampung ini terletak tidak terlalu jauh dari pusat desa Cipeuteuy, mungkin sekitar 1 km. Jalan menuju kampung ini menanjak dari jalan utama desa. Jalanan menuju kampung merupakan jalan berbatu dan tanah yang licin dan becek. Lebar jalan cukup luas, yaitu kira-kira muat satu mobil lewat. Namun kondisi jalan kurang baik sehingga untuk berjalan motorpun sangat sulit. Posisi rumah-rumah penduduk di kampung ini menyebar dan berjauhan. Hal ini berbeda dengan kondisi di Kampung Darmaga di mana pemukiman penduduk mengumpul di satu wilayah.

Parit di Cilodor, airnya bersih

Lahan pertanian di kampung ini cukup luas, dan sebagian besar atau bahkan hampir seluruhnya adalah tanah Eks HGU PT.Intan Hepta.

Di kampung Cilodor, aku berhasil menemui 6 orang responden. Hampir semua orang di Kampung ini adalah masyarakat pendatang dari luar desa. 4 orang responden berasal dari dari daerah Tugu Bandung (Kabandungan) dan mulai mendatangi daerah ini pada saat tanah HGU tersebut mulai digarap oleh masyarakat. Alasan yang mendasari mereka untuk pindah ke daerah ini adalah untuk mencari kehidupan yang lebih baik. Di daerah asal, sebagian besar masyarakat adalah petani kecil yang memiliki lahan sempit atau bahkan tidak memiliki lahan. dengan adanya lahan luas terlantar HGU mereka berharap jika di tempat ini dapat bertani dengan lebih baik. Seorang responden yaitu Pak Ujil menyatakan bahwa tanah pertanian di Kampung Cilodor adalah tanah perjuangan, tanah yang didapatkan dari hasil perjuangan mendapatkan tanah garapan.

Hampir seluruh masyarakat di Cilodor tidak berinteraksi langsung dengan kawasan hutan. Alasan yang muncul adalah karena jarak yang jauh dan luas lahan pertanian yang mereka kerjakan saat ini juga sudah mencukupi untuk kehidupan sehari-hari. Hanya ada seorang responden yang menyatakan bahwa dahulu pernah ikut melakukan tumpang sari pada saat jaman Perum Perhutani, namun saat ini tidak lagi.

Tanaman yang diusahakan oleh masyarakat Cilodor adalah pertanian sawah dan lahan kering. Sawah digunakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya sehari-hari, sehingga hasil panen beras tidak dijual. Lahan kering ditanami sayur seperti kubis, cabe, dan pisang, singkong. Hasil panen sebagian dijual dan sebagian lagi untuk konsumsi pribadi. Di beberapa lahan garapan petani, terdapat beberapa sisa-sisa tanaman perkebunan Intan Hepta yaitu cengkeh dan teh. Masyarakat yang lahan garapannya terdapat tanaman kehutanan tersebut memanfaatkannya untuk dijual atau dikonsumsi sendiri (teh). Panen cengkeh dilakukan selama 3 tahun sekali, sedangkan untuk teh dapat dipanen 2 minggu sekali atau sekitar 2 kali perbulan.

Setelah maghrib aku pergi ke rumah Pak Otoy, aku berjalan kaki saja ke rumahnya karena cukup dekat. Satu hal yang aku lupa adalah alat penerangan. Alat ini menjadi penting karena jalanan di sekitar sini jarang yang dipasang lampu penerangan. Untuk menuju rumah Pak Otoy, aku mengalami kesulitan karena harus menuruni tangga tanah yang licin sehabis hujan dengan penerangan minim dari nyala HP. Pak Otoy mengatakan jika PLN curang, karena dalam tagihan listrik perbulan terdapat iuran untuk penerangan jalan. Pada kenyataanya hanya ada satu lampu saja di pertigaan Cipeuteuy.

Di rumah Pak Otoy suasana sangat ramai, anak-anaknya sedang berkumpul. Ada sekitar 5 orang yang berkumpul di ruang tamu, pak Otoy dan Ibu, serta 3 orang anaknya yang semuanya sedang melihat TV. Anak-anak pak Otoy, seperti bapaknya cukup ramah dan vokal meski harus berbincang dengan orang baru. Aku sungguh merasa nyaman di sini J .

Aku bersama Pak Otoy, Bu Otoy, Pak Nana

Aku melengkapi data kuesioner yang dulu pernah aku tanyakan. Lalu aku menanyakan rumah Pak Nana yang dulu pernah juga ikut PHBM. Pak Otoy bersedia untuk mengantarkanku ke rumah Pak Nana. Pak Otoy sungguh baik hati. Pak Otoy dan Pak Nana adalah saudara sepupu selisih umur 2 tahun. Dari jaman muda dulu mereka adalah teman sepermainan. Pada jaman pelaksanaan tumpang sari, mereka juga bersama-sama melaksanakannya. Data yang didapatkan antara Pak Nana dan Pak Otoy tidak terlalu berbeda, selain pada luas lahan dan jumlah tanggungan keluarga. Pak Otoy dan Pak Nana, berbicara dengan santai dan menyenangkan, begitu pula Ibu Nana yang merupakan istri ketiga Pak Nana.

Pak Nana adalah petani yang tidak memiliki lahan pertanian resmi. Satu-satunya tanah yang dia miliki adalah tanah rumahna. Lahan pertanian yang saat ini dia kerjakan adalah tanah Eks HGU PT Intan Hepta. Karena tidak memiliki tanah, masyarakat dahulu sangat tergantung dari pertanian tumpang sari di lahan kehutanan. Namun, karena saat ini mereka dapat mengolah tanah di lahan Eks HGU Intan Hepta, maka mereka tidak terlalu tergantung dengan hutan.

Sekitar pukul 8 malam aku pamit dari rumah Pak Nana, dan pulang. Aku diantar sampai kandang ayam oleh Pak Otoy. Terimakasih lagi Pak Otoy.

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